索引

A

abrupt completion

See completion, abrupt

abstract modifier

See also declarations; modifiers

classes

anonymous are never, 335

binary compatibility considerations, 257

declaration of, 135

definition and characteristics, 135

direct superinterface relationship to, 142

methods

binary compatibility considerations, 268

classes, 170

declaration examples, 167, 205

interfaces, 205

overloading, 207, 208

overriding, 207

semicolon as body of, 176

and super method invocation, 355

access

See also scope

accessibility

determining, 105

term definition, 104

array, 211

expression evaluation order, 365

constructor, binary compatibility considerations, 261

of fields, expression evaluation, 341

inheritance of class members, example

default, 149

private, 151

protected, 150

public, 150

interface member names, 202

method, binary compatibility considerations, 267

non-public class instances, through public superclasses and superinterfaces, 151

overridden methods, using super keyword, 178

qualified

See also field access expressions; method invocation expressions

term definition, 104

access control

See also security

classes, example, 107

constructors

default, example, 108

private, example, 111

protected, example, 110

public, example, 109

fields

default, example, 108

private, example, 111

protected, example, 110

public, example, 109

methods

default, example, 108

private, example, 111

protected, example, 110

public, example, 109

package names, limited significance of, 120

protected, details of, 105

and qualified names, 104

term definition, 104

accessible

default for top-level types, 129

package, term definition, 105

single-type import must name a type that is, 126

type or package may not be named by type-import-on-demand if not, 127

types, members and constructors, term definition, 104

actions

See also methods

main memory subsystem

lock, 431

read, 431

unlock, 431

write, 431

prescient store, with threads, 438

thread

assign, 431

load, 431

lock, 431

store, 431

unlock, 431

use, 431

threads, constraints on relationships among, 433

algebraic identities

See also expressions; mathematical functions

limits on use of, 325

alphabet

See also syntax

components

See characters

data types

See primitive types

term definition, 9

ambiguity

See also names, ambiguous; scope

avoiding, in fields with multiple inheritance, 166

avoiding, in types with multiple inheritance, 188, 208

anonymous class, 135

See also inner class

and checked exceptions in initializers, 221

definite assignment before, 426

determining immediately enclosing instance when instantiating, 332

example(s), 161, 194

exceptions in instance initializer, 189

in an explicit constructor invocation, 194

interaction with shadowing of parameter names, 168

in an interface variable initializer, 204

protected accessibility of superclass constructor, 106

supertypes classified as type names, 95

term definition, 330

argument

See also parameters

lists, evaluation order, 326

values, method invocation conversion context, 71

arithmetic

See also floating point; integers; numbers; operators; primitive types

integer division, ArithmeticException, 321

operators, numeric promotion, specification, 77

arrays

See also classes; data structures

(chapter), 209

access, 211

expression evaluation order, 364

assignment, expression evaluation order, 394

character, distinguished from strings, 215

Class

objects, 215

obtaining, example, 53

Cloneable interface implemented by, 214

components

See also variables

assignment, run-time testing, 216, 320, 395, 400

default values, 51

initialization, 213

as a kind of variable, 48

type declaration, 213

creation, 42, 211

expression evaluation, 338

order, 338

out-of-memory detection, example, 340

example, 210

exceptions, ArrayStoreException, 217

indexing of, 211

initialization, 211, 212

members, 92, 213

names, fully qualified, 111

Object as superclass of, 215

origin, 211

variables

declaration, 210

initialization, 210

ASCII characters

See also characters; Unicode character set

Unicode character set relationship to, 14

assignment

See also fields; initialization

array, expression evaluation order, 394, 399

assignable to, term definition, 66

compatible, term definition, 66

compound

evaluation order, 323

operators, evaluation, 398

conversion context, specification, 56, 66

definite, (chapter), 407

expressions

boolean, definite assignment, 412

definite assignment, 412

as statements, 287

operation, to change value of primitive value, 33

simple operators, evaluation, 393

B

backslash (\)

escape sequence, 28

Unicode escape use, 15

backspace

escape sequence, 29

Bartleby

Project (Columbia University), xxii

base

See also numbers

permitted in integer literals, 21

Beta, 3, 7

biblical quotations

I Corinthians 14:40, 322

John 3:30, 369

Matthew 6:29, 209

bibliographic references

Dynamic Class Loading in the Java Virtual Machine, 232

Polling Efficiently on Stock Hardware, 224

Release-to-Release Binary Compatibility in SOM, 251

binary

compatibility

See also code generation; compile-time errors; exceptions

(chapter), 251

changes that do not break, 252

compatible with, term definition, 256

contrasted with source compatibility, 257

file format, required properties, 253

name

See name, binary

numeric promotion, specification, 79

representation, verification of classesand interfaces, 232

blank final

field

class variable must be assigned by static initializer, 156

definite [un]assignment of, 418

definite assignment of, 407

instance variable must be assigned by every constructor, 156

notation for definite assignment, 412

restrictions in an inner class, 141

variable

definite unassignment of, 407

notation for definite unassignment, 412

blocks

See also control flow; statements

(chapter), 275

definite assignment, 418

enclosing, 141

in scope of exception handler parameters, 86, 306

in scope of local class, 86, 278

in scope of local variable, 85, 280

specification and execution of, 277

Bobrow, Daniel G., 6

body

See also declarations

class

declarations in, 147

term definition, 147

constructor, 192

binary compatibility considerations, 270

interface, declarations, 202

method, 176

binary compatibility considerations, 270

boolean

See also numbers

literals, term definition and specification, 25

operators, 40

types and values, term definition and specification, 40

bootstrap loader

See class loaders, bootstrap

brackets ([])

array type declaration, 41, 209, 280

break statement

See also control flow

definite assignment, 423

as reason for abrupt completion, 276

specification, 297

Burke, Edmund, 275

Burroughs, Edgar Rice, 301

Burton, Robert, xxiii

but not phrase

grammar notation use, 12

byte type

See also integral types; numbers; primitive types

value range, 33

C

C, 1, 2, 7

C++, 1, 2, 6

Caesar, Julius, 374

caller

of a statement, term definition, 222

carriage return (CR)

escape sequence, 29

handling in a

character literal, 26

string literal, 27

as a line terminator, not input character, 16

casting

See also conversion

boolean, 41

conversion context, 56

specification, 72

floating-point types, 38

integral types, 34

reference types, 73

run-time testing, 320

to void, not permitted, 287

catch clause, 303

See also control flow; try statement

exception handling role of, 219

exception idiom defined with, 226

scope of parameters, 86, 306

Cervantes, Migel de, 72

characters

See also numbers; primitive types; strings

array of, distinguished from strings, 215

char type, 31

See also integral types; numbers; primitive types

value range, 33

line terminators, 27

literals

escape sequences for, 28

term definition and specification, 26

Unicode character set

composite, contrasted with the Unicode decomposed characters, 20

handling in package names, 122

lexical grammar use as terminal symbols, 9

relationship to ASCII, 14

Chase, Lincoln, 118

checking

See also exceptions, checked; throw

for exception handlers, at compile-time, 221

Christie, Agatha, 276, 288, 347

circular declaration

of a class

compile-time error caused by, 144

example involving a local class, 278

link-time error caused by, 144

of an interface, compile-time error caused by, 201

of types, in different compilation units, legality of, 123

class literal, 95

class or interface name in a, 82

is a primary expression, 327

term definition, 328

class loaders

bootstrap, 248

and class unloading, 248

class(es)

See also fields; inheritance; interfaces; methods; packages; subclasses; superclasses; superinterfaces

(chapter), 135

abstract, 137

as array component types, 210

binary compatibility considerations, 257

overriding abstract methods in, 170

uses, 139

accessibility, 105

anonymous

See anonymous class

binary compatibility considerations, 257

binary representation

binary file format requirements, 256

verification of, 230

body

declarations, binary compatibility considerations, 259

term definition and declarations in, 147

.class suffix, as name for compiled files, 122

Class objects, associated with arrays, 215

constructors, binary compatibility considerations, 267

declarations, 136

specifying direct superclasses in, 142

specifying direct superinterfaces in, 144

term definition, 136

as declared entity, 81

exceptions

ClassCastException, 75

Error, 221, 226

Exception, 226

RuntimeException, 222, 226

Throwable, 219, 221, 226

final

binary compatibility considerations, 258

declaration of, 139

finalization of, 258

FP-strict, 319

inaccessible, accessing members of, 151 example, 151

initialization, 236

detailed procedure, 239

example, 231

instances

See instance(s)

instantiation, preventing, 190

linking

initialization, 227, 230, 239

preparation, 227, 234, 239

process description, 234

resolution, 230

at virtual machine startup, 230

loading, 232

errors

ClassCircularityError, 233

ClassFormatError, 233

NoClassDefFoundError, 233

process description, 233

at virtual machine startup, 230

local

See local class

member

See member class

members, 90

declarations, 147

binary compatibility considerations, 259

methods

class, 171

interface, 205

non-static, 172

static, 171

named, 135

and checked exceptions in initializers, 221

names, fully qualified, 111

naming conventions, 114

nested

See nested classes

non-public, in example of qualified names and access control, 107

preparation, 234

at virtual machine startup, 230

preventing instantiation of, 139

public

access control in, 105

binary compatibility considerations, 258

in example of qualified names and access control, 107

references to, binary file format requirements, 253

resolution

exceptions

IllegalAccessError, 235

IncompatibleClassChangeError, 235

InstantiationError, 235

NoSuchFieldError, 236

NoSuchMethodError, 236

process description, 235

at virtual machine startup, 230

scope of, 85, 125

in scope of an imported type, 85, 125

static initializers, 189

binary compatibility considerations, 271

that depend on themselves

See circular declaration, of a class

that directly depend on a reference type

See circular declaration, of a class

top-level

See top-level class

type declarations, as members of packages, 129

unloading of, 248

variables

default values, 51

specification, 48, 155

verification, at virtual machine startup, 230

classification

reclassification of contextually ambiguous names, 96

syntactic, of a name according to context, 94

code generation

See also binary, compatibility; compile-time errors; exceptions; optimization

asynchronous exceptions, implications for, 224

initialization, implications for, 241

symbolic reference resolution, implications of, 235

comments

term definition and specification, 18

Common Lisp, 6

compatibility

See binary, compatibility

compilation

See also compile-time errors; exceptions; virtual machine

CompilationUnit goal symbol, syntactic grammar use, 10

conditional

binary compatibility considerations, 265

if statement reachability handling to support, 314

exception handlers checked for during, 221

unit

components, package declarations, 124

and default accessibility of top-level types, 129

implicitly starts with import java.lang.*, 128

importing types into, 125

and meaning of a simple type name, 99

and name of top-level type, 129

overview, 119

and package membership, 89, 119

and package observability, 125

and scope of an import declaration, 85, 125

term definition and characteristics, 123

compile-time constant

See constants

compile-time errors

See binary, compatibility; errors; exceptions

completion, 276

See also control flow, exceptions

abrupt

break statement, 297

continue statement, 299

disallowed for static initializers, 189

during expression evaluation, 320

for statement, 295

labeled statements, 286

reasons for, 276, 321

return statement, 301

synchronized statement, 304

throw statement, 302

try statement, 305

try-catch statement, 307

try-catch-finally statement, 308

normal

during expression evaluation, 320

during statement execution, 276

required for instance initializers, 189

required for static initializers, 189

component(s)

See also arrays, components

type, arrays, 210

conflicts

name

See also hiding; obscuring; scope; shadowing

avoiding through use of syntactic context, 94

Conner, Michael, 251

constants

See also fields; class; final; fields, interface; literals

are always FP-strict, 319

characteristics and binary compatibility considerations, 264

compile-time narrowing of

by assignment conversion, implications, 66

not permitted by method invocation conversion, 71

expressions, 405

field, term specification, 264

may be declared in inner class, 140

named

See fields; class; final

constructors

See also class(es); execution; initialization; interfaces; methods

access, 105

binary compatibility considerations, 261

control

default, example, 108

private, example, 111

protected, example, 110

public, example, 109

hidden fields, this keyword use for, 283

accessibility, 105

allow field access through super, 344

anonymous

term definition, 335

anonymous class

cannot have explicitly declared, 335

has anonymous constructor, 335

are not members, 148

body, 192

binary compatibility considerations, 270

as components of a class body, 147

declarations, 190

binary compatibility considerations, 267

default, 195

definite assignment and unassignment within, 427

definite assignment of variables before, 418

deleting, binary compatibility considerations, 267

determining arguments to, 334

each must declare exceptions from instance initializers, 188

explicit invocation statements, 193

explicit invocations, 105

FP-strict, 319

invocation, during instance creation, 242

modifiers, 191

must assign all blank final instance variables, 156

must assign blank final fields, 156

names of, 83, 190

as non-members of a class, 90

overloading, 195

binary compatibility considerations, 270

parameters, 191

See also arguments

assignment during instance creation, 242

binary compatibility considerations, 267

definite [un]assignment of, 425

must not be assigned if final, 168

shadowing, 86, 168

specification, 51, 191

private, preventing instantiation with, 139, 197

protected, accessibility of, 105, 106

signature, 191

binary file format requirements, 255

throws clause, binary compatibility considerations, 270

and unreachable statements, 310

when reachable, 311

context(s)

See also inheritance; scope

conversion, 56

assignment, specification, 66

casting, specification, 72

method invocation, specification, 71

reclassification of contextually ambiguous names, 96

role in determining the meaning of a name, 81, 93

static

See static context

syntactic classification of a name according to, 94

context-free grammars

See grammars, context-free

continue statement

See also control flow

definite assignment, 423

as reason for abrupt completion, 276

specification, 299

contract

See also binary, compatibility

term definition, 256

control flow

See also completion; definite assignment; exceptions; expressions; statements; statements, unreachable; threads

boolean expressions use for, 40

break statement, specification, 297

continue statement, specification, 299

deadlock avoidance, multiple lock use for, 305

do statement, specification, 293

for statement, specification, 295

if statement, dangling else handling, 284

if-then statement, specification, 288

if-then-else statement, specification, 288

local variable declaration and switch statement, 49

return statement, specification, 301

switch statement, specification, 288

synchronized statement, specification, 304

throw statement, specification, 302

try statement, specification, 305

try-catch statement, specification, 307

try-catch-finally statement, specification, 308

while statement, specification, 292

conventions

naming, 113

impact on obscuring of names, 89

conversion

See also casting; numbers; promotion

(chapter), 55

casting, 72

contexts

assignment, specification, 66

casting, specification, 72

method invocation, specification, 71

forbidden, specification, 64

identity

in assignment conversion context, 66

in casting conversion context, 72

in method invocation conversion context, 71

specification, 58

kinds of, 58

in method invocations, 71

narrowing

primitive

in assignment conversion context, 66

in casting conversion context, 72

not allowed in method invocation conversion context, reasons for, 71

reference, in casting conversion context, 72

reference

narrowing, 63

widening, 62

string, 72

specification, 64

term definition, 55

value set

in assignment conversion, 66

in binary numeric promotion, 79

in casting conversion, 72

in method invocation conversion, 71

in overview, 56

term definition, 65

in unary numeric promotion, 78

widening

primitive

in assignment conversion context, 66

in binary numeric promotion context, 79

in casting conversion context, 72

in method invocation conversion context, 71

in unary numeric promotion context, 78

reference, 62

in assignment conversion context, 66

in casting conversion context, 72

in method invocation conversion context, 71

term specification, 62

creation

See also declaration; initialization

array, 42, 211

expression evaluation

example, 339

order, 338

out-of-memory detection, example, 340

instance, 42

expression evaluation order, 334

expressions as statements, 286

invocation of initializers for instance variables during, 244

method dispatching during, 244

specification and procedure, 241

object, 42

threads, 445

Creatore, Luigi, 30

D

Danforth, Scott, 251

dangling else

See also control flow

handling of, 284

data

See also constants; fields; variables

structures

See arrays; classes; interfaces; primitive types; vectors

types

See types

values

See values

database

storing packages in, 119

deadlock

avoidance, multiple lock use for, 305

decimal

See also numbers

base, permitted in integer literals, 21

numerals, specification, 21

declarations

See also body; execution; methods; parameters; statements

class

(chapter), 135

body, 147

member, 147

term definition and specification, 135

constructor, 190

field(s), 153

constants in interfaces, 203

examples of, 162

interface, examples, 204

identifiers in, kept separate from those in labeled statements, 84

import

example, 128

single-type, 126

term definition, 125

type-import-on-demand, 127

instance variable, 48

interface, 200

(chapter), 199

body, 202

members, 202

local variable, definite assignment, 419

method(s), 167

examples of, 180

interface, abstract, 205

modifiers

See

abstract modifier; final modifier; native modifier; private modifier; protected modifier; public modifier; static modifier; synchronized modifier; transient modifier; volatile modifier

overriding, example, 180

package, in compilation units, 123

scope of, 85

shadowed, term definition, 86

shadowing, 86

subclass, 142

superclass, 142

superinterface, 144, 201

term definition, 82

type

as members of packages, 129

need not appear before use of the type, 86

usage in, 46

variable

array, 210

local, 279

execution of, 283

declarator

in scope of local variable, 85, 86, 280, 296

definite assignment

See also exceptions; execution; scope

(chapter), 407

and anonymous classes, 426

of blank final class variables, 156

of instance variables, 156

and local classes, 418

of member types, 426

and parameters, 425

and qualified class instance creation, 417

requirement for locals and parameters before an inner class, 141

and static initializers, 426

of variables with respect to nested classes, 418

definite unassignment, 407

See also definite assignment

hypothetical analysis of, 412

and local classes, 418

and qualified class instance creation, 417

and static initializers, 426

DeMichiel, Linda G., 6

denormalized

IEEE 754 standard, support required for, 38

digits

Java, term definition, 19

directly depends

class, term definition, 144

division

See also arithmetic; numbers

integer divide by zero, indicated by ArithmeticException, 34, 375

do statement

See also control flow

definite assignment, 421

specification, 293

double quote

escape sequence, 29

in string literals, 27

double type

floating-point literal specification, 24

Duff's device, 289

Dylan, 6

E

Eco, Umberto, 118

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 388

element type

arrays, term definition, 210

Ellis, Margaret A., 6

Ellison, Shirley, 118

entity

declared, list of, 82

Epictetus, 203

errors

class variable initializers may not refer to instance variables, 159

Error class, unchecked exceptions as subclass of, 176

linking, 227, 234

resolution, 235

verification, 234

loading, 227, 233

reasons for, 220

semantic, exceptions as mechanism for signaling, 219

types, run-time, 320

unchecked, reasons for, 221

virtual machine, 227

escapes

sequences, for character and string literals, 28

Unicode, specification, 14

evaluation

See also execution; initialization; scope

evaluated, term definition, 317

expressions

additive operators, 377

additive operators for numeric types, 381

array access, 364

array assignment, 393

array creation, 338

assignment operators, 392

bitwise binary operators, 388

bitwise complement, 371

boolean equality operators, 388

boolean logical operators, 389

cast, 372

compound assignment operators, 398

conditional operator, 391

conditional-and operator, 390

conditional-or operators, 390

division, 374

equality operators, 386

field access, 341

instance creation, 334

integer bitwise operators, 389

logical binary operators, 388

logical complement, 371

method invocation, 345

method invocation, order of, 356

multiplication, 373

multiplicative operators, 373

numeric comparison, 384

numeric equality operators, 387

parenthesized, 330

postfix, 368

pre-decrement, 369

pre-increment, 369

primary, 327

reference equality operators, 388

relational operators, 384

remainder, 376

shift operators, 383

simple assignment operator, 393

string concatenation, 378

superclass access, 344

type comparison, 385

unary minus, 370

unary operators, 368

unary plus, 370

literals, 328

order

arguments left-to-right, 326

binary operators, 322

compound assignment, 323

left-hand operand first, 322

left-to-right, 322

operands evaluated before operations, 324

parentheses and precedence respected, 325

result of, term definition, 317

events

See also methods

execution order of, constraints on relationships among, 433

evolution

See also binary, compatibility; reuse

of classes, binary compatibility considerations, 257

of interface, binary compatibility considerations, 271

of packages, binary compatibility considerations, 257

examples

access control, 106

fields, methods, and constructors

default, 108

private, 111

protected, 110

public, 109

arrays, 212

classes, public and non-public, 107

declarations

fields, 162

import, 128

methods, 180

default-access methods, constructors, and fields, 108

exceptions, 224

fields

interface, ambiguous inherited, 204

interface, multiply inherited, 205

multiply inherited, 165

re-inheritance of, 166

hiding, 181

vs. overriding, 182

of variables

class, 162

instance, 163

inheritance

accessing members of inaccessible classes, 152

class members, 149

default access, 149

public, protected, and private access, 150

multiple, with superinterfaces, 146

with default access, 149

with private access, 151

with protected access, 150

with public access, 150

methods

abstract declarations, 207

invocation of hidden class, 184

private, 111

protected, 110

public, 109

overloading, 181

overriding, 180

vs. hiding, 182

incorrect, 181

because of throws, 186

large example, 185

exceptions

See also binary, compatibility; compile-time errors; errors;

(chapter), 219

asynchronous, causes and handling of, 224

caller, determination of, 222

causes of, 220

checked

constructors, declaring with throws clause in method declarations, 175

defining new exception classes as, 226

Exception, 226

in an instance initializer, 188

methods, declaring with throws clause in method declarations, 175

in a static initializer, 189

UnsatisfiedLinkException, 236

classes

Error, 221

Exception, 226

RuntimeException, 222

unchecked exceptions found in, 176

Throwable, 219, 221

errors

AbstractMethodError, 268

ClassCircularityError, 144, 258

meaning, 233

ClassFormatError, meaning, 233

Error, 226

ExceptionInInitializerError, 241, 304

IllegalAccessError, 258, 272, 358

meaning, 235

IncompatibleClassChangeError, 264, 269, 272, 357

meaning, 235

InstantiationError, meaning, 235

LinkageError, 233, 234

loading and linkage, 227

NoClassDefFoundError, 240

meaning, 233

NoSuchFieldError, 264

meaning, 236

NoSuchMethodError, 267, 273, 357

meaning, 236

OutOfMemoryError, 176, 233, 241, 242, 321, 334, 338, 340, 360

UnsatisifedLinkError

meaning, 236

VerifyError, 269, 272

meaning, 234

VirtualMachineError, 227

example, 224

handlers

compile-time checking, 221

how established, 219

in try statements, 306

handling of, 222

asynchronous, 224

run-time testing, 320

hierarchy, 226

integer divide by zero, 34

NegativeArraySizeException, 321, 338

never thrown for

assignment conversions, 66

information loss due to narrowing primitive conversions, 61

information loss sue to widening primitive conversions, 59

widening reference conversions, 63

NullPointerException, 194

parameters

See also variables

declaration, 306

description, 49

initial value, 51

scope, 86, 306

precise, 223

RuntimeException, 395

synchronization integrated with mechanism for handling, 220

thrown for, narrowing reference conversions, 63

uncaughtException method, when invoked, 220

unchecked, 226

unchecked runtime

ArithmeticException, 324, 376

ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, 394, 399

ArrayStoreException, 217, 320, 395, 398

ClassCastException, 320, 372, 395

casting conversion requirements that can result in, 75

IndexOutOfBoundsException, 212, 321, 364

NullPointerException, 213, 222, 321, 358, 361, 364, 366, 394, 399

RuntimeException, 226, 395

execution

See also declarations; evaluation; initialization; linking; loading

(chapter), 229

order, thread rules, 433

of statements for their effect, 275

exit

virtual machine, criteria for, 249

exponent

See value set

expressions

See also fields; methods; statements

(chapter), 317

abrupt completion of, as reason forabrupt statement completion, 277

additive operators

evaluation, 377

for numeric types, evaluation, 381

array

access, evaluation, 364

assignment, evaluation, 394, 399

creation, evaluation of, 337

assignment

conversion, 66

definite assignment, 407, 412

operators, evaluation, 392

as statements, 287

bitwise

binary operators, evaluation, 388

complement, evaluation, 371

boolean

operators

!, definite assignment, 414

&&, definite assignment, 413

?, definite assignment, 414

||, definite assignment, 413

assignment, definite assignment, 415

constant, definite assignment, 412

equality, evaluation, 388

logical, evaluation, 389

cast, evaluation, 372

compound, assignment operators, evaluation, 398

conditional

and operator &&, evaluation, 390

operator ? :

definite assignment, 414

evaluation, 391

or operator ||, evaluation, 390

definite assignment and, 412

division, evaluation, 374

equality operators, evaluation, 386

field access, evaluation, 341

instance creation

evaluation of, 330

as statements, 286

integer bitwise operators, evaluation, 389

logical

comparison operators, evaluation, 388

complement !, evaluation, 371

method invocation

evaluation, 345

evaluation order, 356

as statements, 287

multiplication *, evaluation, 373

multiplicative operators *, \xda , %, evaluation, 373

names

context in which a name is classified as, 95

qualified, meaning of, 102

simple, meaning of, 101

numeric

comparison, evaluation, 384

equality operators, evaluation, 387

operators

++, definite assignment, 416

--, definite assignment, 416

precedence, evaluation, 325

parenthesized

evaluation of, 330

evaluation of, precedence effect of, 325

post-decrement --

evaluation of, 368

as statements, 287

postfix, evaluation, 367

post-increment ++

evaluation of, 367

as statements, 287

pre-decrement --

evaluation of, 369

as statements, 287

pre-increment ++

evaluation of, 369

as statements, 287

primary, evaluation of, 327

See also

arrays, access expressions;

arrays, creation;

expressions, parenthesized;

fields, access expressions;

instance, creation;

literals;

methods, invocations;

this keyword

reference equality operators ==, !=, evaluation, 388

relational operators <, >, <=, >=, evaluation, 384

remainder operator %, evaluation, 376

run-time checks of, 319

semantics and evaluation rules, (chapter), 317

shift operators <<, >>, >>>, evaluation, 383

simple assignment operator =, evaluation, 393

statements

definite assignment, 417

specification, 284

string concatenation +, evaluation, 378

superclass access, evaluation, 344

type

vs. class of object, 52

comparison instanceof, evaluation, 385

how determined, 52

usage in, 46

unary

minus -, evaluation, 370

operators, evaluation, 368

plus +, evaluation, 370

values, variable as, 318

extends clause

See also classes; implements; object-oriented concepts

in class declaration, specifying direct superclasses with, 142

in interface declaration, 201

F

Feeley, Mark, 224

fields

access control

default, example, 108

private, example, 111

protected, example, 110

public, example, 109

access expressions, evaluation, 341

of an array, 92, 214

of a class

binary compatibility considerations, 262

declarations, 153

examples of, 162

final, 156

binary compatibility considerations, 264

volatile declaration not permitted for, 158

multiply inherited, example of, 165

non-static

default values, 51

explicit constructors not permitted to use, 193

hiding example, 163

initializers for, 159

initialization of, 158

invocation of initializers during instance creation, 242

specification, 48

re-inheritance of, example, 166

static

binary compatibility considerations, 266, 271

and final, binary compatibility considerations, 264

hiding of, example, 163

initialization of, 158, 189

initialization of, during the preparation phase of linking, 234

specification, 48

term definition and declaration, 155

transient, 156

binary compatibility considerations, 266

volatile, 156

declarations

binary compatibility considerations, 273

as declared entity, 81

hidden

accessing with

super keyword, 344, 345

this keyword, 283

of an interface

ambiguous inherited, example, 204

binary compatibility considerations, 273

declarations, 203

examples, 204

initialization, 204

during the preparation phase of linking, 234

multiply inherited example, 205

public by default, 203

names, naming conventions, 115

public, by default in interface declaration, 202

references to, binary file format requirements, 253

references, active use, 238

shadowing, 86

fifth dimension, 339

files

binary, format, 252

systems, storing packages in, 119

Finagle's Law, 219

final modifier

See also declarations; modifiers

anonymous class is always implicitly, 335

classes

binary compatibility considerations, 258

declaration of, 139

exception parameter, may not be assigned, 306

fields

binary compatibility considerations, 264

declaration and use, 156, 203

final by default in, interface declaration, 203

not allowed with volatile, 158

formal parameters, 168

methods

binary compatibility considerations, 268

declaration and use, 172

not permitted in interface method declarations, 206

reasons why constructors cannot be, 191

finalization

See also exceptions; linking

finalizable, as object attribute, 246

finalize method, as member of Object class, 45

finalized, as object attribute, 246

finalizer method calls, unordered nature of, 247

finalizer-reachable, as object attribute, 246

finally clause, exception handling use, 223

implementing, 246

of instances, 245

implementation procedures, 246

float type, 35

See also floating-point

floating-point

See also arithmetic; numbers; types

algebraic identities, limits on use of, 325

float type, floating-point literal specification, 24, 33

literals

largest and smallest, 24

term definition and specification, 24

operations, 37

required behavior, 38

types and values, term definition and specification, 35

flow analysis

See also security

conservative, required for definite assignment of local variables, 407

Foote, Samuel, 305

for statement

definite assignment, 422

ForInit part

initialization by, 295

scope of local variable declared in, 86

header, local variable declaration in, 281

in scope of a local variable, 86, 296

specification, 295

form feed

escape sequence, 29

Forman, Ira, 251

forward reference

compile-time error in

initializers, 160

forward references

to types allowed before declaration, 86

FP-strict

actual arguments, 169

and addition, 382

and casts, 372

classes, 139

classes, interfaces, methods, constructors and initializers, 319

compile-time constant is always, 406

constructors, 191

and division, 375

expression

term definition, 318

interfaces, 200

methods, 173

overriding, 178

and multiplication, 374

and return statement, 302

value set conversion within, 65

Franklin, Benjamin, 229

Frost, Robert, 199, 310, 315, 445

G

Gabriel, Richard P., 6

Geisel, Theodore, 132

Gilbert, W. S., 197

goal symbols

CompilationUnit, 123

syntactic grammar use, 10

Input, lexical grammar use, 9

Goldberg, Adele, 6

goto statement

See labeled statements

gradual underflow

See also exceptions; floating-point; IEEE 754 standard; numbers

support required for, 38

grammars

See also languages; lexical; semantics

(chapter), 9

context-free, term definition, 9

difficulties with, as given in body of Java Language Specification, 449

if statement, dangling else handling, 284

lexical

(chapter), 13

term definition, 9

notation, 10

syntactic, term definition, 10

H

Hammerstein, Oscar, II, 133

Harbison, Samuel, 6

Harding, Warren G., 307

hexadecimal

See also numbers

base, permitted in integer literals, 21

numerals, specification, 22

hiding

See also scope

by class methods, 178

of field declarations, in superclasses and superinterfaces, 154

of fields, 136

bypassing using super, 345

term definition, 154

hidden class methods, invocation of, example, 184

of interface field declarations, in superinterfaces, 203

of interface fields, term definition, 203

of interface member type declarations, 208

of interface member types, term definition, 208

of interfaces, 199

of member types, term definition, 187

method

example, 181

impact on checked exceptions, 176

requirements, 178

of methods, 136

vs. overriding, example, 182

of types, by member types, 136

of variables

class, example of, 162

instance, example of, 163

hierarchy

exception, 226

Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, 203

Hoare, C. A. R., 1, 6

horizontal tab

escape sequence, 29

host

and creation, storage and observability of packages and compilation units, 120

may not restrict packagesin a database, 130

and observable compilation units, 123

optional restriction on packages in a file system, 129

hypothetical analysis

of definite unassignment, 412

I

identifiers

See also fields; names; scope; variables

those that are not names, 83

in labeled statements, distinguished from those in declarations, 84

term definition and specification, 19

identity

conversion

in assignment conversion context, 66

in casting conversion context, 72

in method invocation conversion context, 71

specification, 58

IEEE 754 standard, 6

See also numbers

floating-point

conversion of numbers to, 24

types conformance to, 35

if statements

See also statements

dangling else, handling of, 285

definite assignment, 420

if-then statement, specification, 288

if-then-else statement, specification, 288

specification, 287

implement

See also classes; extends clause; interfaces

implements clause, 201

class declaration, specifying direct superinterfaces with, 144

term definition, 91, 145

import

See also packages; scope

automatic, 128

declarations

example, 128

single-type, 126

term definition, 125

type-import-on-demand, 127

imported types

as declared entity, 82

scope of, 85

as part of a compilation unit, 123

single-type

may not declare top-level type in same compilation unit, 130

and meaning of a simple type name, 99

scope, 85, 125

and shadowing, 87, 126

type-import-on-demand, 96

and meaning of a simple type name, 100

scope, 85, 125

and shadowing, 87, 127

indexing

of arrays, 211

inexact results

See also numbers

rounding behavior, 38

infinity

See also numbers

representation of, 25

signed, produced by floating-point overflow, 39

inheritance

See also object-oriented concepts; scope

in class

examples of, 149

of members, 148

of members, with public, protected, and private access, examples, 150

with default access, example, 149

of fields

in class declarations

multiply inherited from interfaces, example of, 165

reinheritance of, example of, 166

in interface declarations

ambiguous inherited, example, 204

multiply inherited, example, 205

of members, 90

of methods

in class declarations, 177

with the same signatures, 179

in interface declarations, 206

multiple

See also superinterfaces

example, 146

term definition, 90

initialization

See also control flow; linking

of arrays

in creation, to default value, 338, 48

using array initializers, 212

of classes, 236

detailed procedure, 239

of classes and interfaces, when it occurs, 236

detailed procedure, 239

of fields

in classes, 159

in interfaces, 204

of for statement, 295

of interfaces, 236

detailed procedure, 239

for variables, array, 212

initializers

See also creation; execution

array

in array creation expression, 338

arrays, 211

executing, in Test class example initialization, 231

for fields

in class, 159

in interface, 204

instance

See instance initializer

FP-strict, 319

instance variable, 195

lacking in a blank final, 50

local variable

in scope of a local variable, 86, 296

static, 158, 189

binary compatibility considerations, 271

static

FP-strict, 319

variable

FP-strict, 319

in scope of local variable, 85, 280

for variables

class, 158

during class or interface initialization, 159

instance, 159

during instance creation, 242

inner class

See also nested class

anonymous class is always, 335

of another class, 140

direct, 140

every local class is an, 277

in a qualified class instance creation expression, 331

and qualified super method invocation, 355

qualified superclass constructor invocation of, 193

as superclass of an anonymous class, 334

term definition, 140

input

See also files

elements, term definition, 16

Input goal symbol, lexical grammar use, 9

tokens, 16

instance initializer, 135

allows field access through super, 344

anonymous class, 336

and checked exceptions, 221

as components of a class body, 147

containing a throw statement, 304

definite assignment of variables before, 418

execution during constructor invocation, 195

is not a member, 148

may not contain a return statement, 301

must be able to complete normally, 189

overview, 136

term definition, 188

and unreachable statements, 310

when reachable, 311

instance(s)

See also classes; interfaces; object-oriented concepts

creation, 42, 241

constructor

invocation by creation expressions, 190

parameter assignment during, 242

use in, 190

expression evaluation, 330

order, 334

expressions as statements, 287

invocation of initializers for instance variables during, 242

method dispatching during, 244

enclosing

determining immediate, 332

with respect to superclass, 194

with respect to superclass of an anonymous class, 333

immediate as first argument to constructor, 334

immediately, 141

with respect to a class, 141

nth lexical used when evaluating method invocation, 356

nth lexically, 141

restrictions on references to, 194

finalization of, 245

implementation procedures, 246

initializer

See instance initializer

instanceof operator

testing expression types with, 320

testing expressions with, 320

instantiation

preventing, with private constructors, 139, 197

methods

See methods, non-static

variables

See fields, class, non-static

instanceof operator

testing expression types with, 320

instantiation

term definition, 330

integers

See also arithmetic; integral types; numbers

converting to boolean values, 41

literals

longest permitted, 23

term definition and specification, 21

operations, 33

integral types

See also arithmetic; numbers; types

byte type, 33

char type, 33

int type, 33

long type, 33

short type, 33

values and operations, 33

interfaces

See also class(es); fields; methods; packages; subclasses; superclasses; superinterfaces

(chapter), 199

abstract methods, 205

accessibility, 105

as array element types, 210

binary compatibility considerations, 271

binary representation

binary file format requirements, 252

verification, 234

body, declarations, 202

and checked exceptions in initializers, 221

Cloneable, implemented by arrays, 214

declarations, 200

as declared entity, 81

dependent on a reference type

term definition, 201

directly dependent on a reference type

term definition, 201

fields

declarations, 203

examples, 204

inheritance

ambiguous, 204

multiply, 205

initialization, 204

FP-strict, 319

initialization, 236

detailed procedure, 239

java.io.Serializable, implemented by arrays, 214

linking, process description, 233

loading, 232

process description, 233

members, 91

binary compatibility considerations, 272

declarations, 202

inheritance from superinterfaces, 91, 202

names, access to, 202

methods

declarations, 207

examples, 207

overloading, 207

example, 208

overriding, 206

example, 207

names

fully qualified, 111

naming conventions, 113

preparation of, 234

public

binary compatibility considerations, 272

declaration, 200

references to, binary file format requirements, 255

in scope of imported type, 85, 125

Serializable, implemented by arrays, 214

superinterfaces

binary compatibility considerations, 258

of a class, 144

declaration of, 144

that depend on themselves, 201

unloading of, 248

invocation

alternate constructor, 193

constructor

determining arguments to, 334

expression evaluation, 335

expression evaluation, order, 336

language constructs that result in, 190

of hidden class methods, example, 184

method

conversion, 71

expression evaluation, 345

order, 356

how chosen, 319

superclass constructor, 193

iteration

See also control structures

continue statement, specification, 299

do statement, specification, 293

for statement, specification, 295

while statement, specification, 292

J

Java

digits, term definition, 19

.java suffix, as name for source files, 122

java package is always in scope, 125

java.lang

example, 121

may be named in a type-import-on-demand, 127

public type names automatically imported from, 119, 123

java.lang package

public type names automatically imported from, 128

public types defined in, list of, 128

letters, term definition, 19

Java programming language

See also grammars; languages; lexical; semantics; syntax

Johnson, Samuel, 13

K

Keats, John, 217

Keene, Sonya E., 6

Kelvin, Lord (William Thompson), 317

Kernighan, Brian W., 7

keywords

list of, 20

as token, 10

Kiczales, Gregor, 6

L

label

shadowing, 87

labeled statements

identifiers in, kept separate from those in declarations, 84

specification, 286

language

See also grammars; lexical; semantics; syntax

Beta, 3, 7

C, 1, 2, 7

C++, 1, 2, 7

Common Lisp, 6

Dylan, 6

Mesa, 5, 7

Modula-3, 3, 6

Smalltalk-80, 6

Lao-Tsu, 81

left-hand side

term definition, 9

length

of array, 213

not part of type, 210

letters

See also Unicode character set

Java, term definition, 19

lexical

See also semantics; syntax

grammar, term definition, 9

structure (chapter), 13

translations, steps involved in, 14

Liang, Sheng, 233

life cycle

See also objects

of objects, 246

line terminators, term definition, 16

linefeed (LF)

escape sequence, 29

handling in a

character literal, 26

string literal, 27

as a line terminator, not input character, 27

linking, 233

See also exceptions; execution; initialization; loading; run-time

classes, process description, 233

errors, 227

interfaces, process description, 233

in Test class example, at virtual machine startup, 230

literals

See also constants; fields; variables

boolean, term definition and specification, 25

character

escape sequences for, 28

term definition and specification, 26

evaluation of, 328

floating-point

largest and smallest permitted, 24

term definition and specification, 24

integer

largest and smallest permitted, 23

term definition and specification, 21

null, term definition and specification, 29

string

escape sequences for, 28

term definition and specification, 27

term definition and specification, 21

as token, 10

loading

See also ClassLoader class; execution; linking

classes, 232

errors, 227

interfaces, 232

process, 233

in Test class example, at virtual machine startup, 230

local class, 115, 135

declaration is part of a block, 277

and definite [un]assignment, 418

determining immediately enclosing instance when instantiating, 332

example(s), 141, 278

interaction with shadowing of parameters, 168

and meaning of a simple type name, 99

requirements for normal completion, 311

scope, 86, 278

as superclass of anonymous class being instantiated, 333

term definition, 277

local variables

See also scope; variables

declarations

definite assignment, 419

statements, 279

declarators and types, 279

definite assignment, required for, 407

initial value, 51

naming conventions, 116

restrictions on use in an inner class, 141

scope, 85, 280

shadowing, 86

specification, 49

locks

See also monitors; synchronization; threads

(chapter), 429

acquisition and release

by synchronized networks, 174

by synchronized statement, 304

interaction with variables, rules about, 436

rules about, 436

synchronization and, 445

long type, 33

See also integral types; numbers

integer literal specification, 23

value range, 33

lvalue

See variables, value of expression

M

Madsen, Ole Lehrmann, 7

magnitude

loss of information about, possibility of in narrowing primitive conversion, 60

Marx, Chico, 415, 423

Marx, Groucho, 148, 227, 415, 416, 417

mathematical functions

See arithmetic; numbers

Matthew, St., 209

Maybury, William, 7

member, 187

member class, 82, 113, 135, 136

See also member type

can have same name as a method, 167

canonical name of, 113

determining immediately enclosing instance when instantiating, 332

example(s), 140, 142, 194, 196, 278

fully qualified name of, 112

and public modifier, 137

as superclass of anonymous class being instantiated, 333

term definition, 187

member interface, 82, 111, 113, 135, 136, 187

See also member type

can have same name as a method, 167

canonical name of, 113

example(s), 140

fully qualified name of, 112

implicitly static, 188

implicitly static, 140

inner class may not declare, 140

term definition, 187

member type, 97, 99, 187, 199

See also nested type

binary name of, 253

and definite assignment, 426

in interfaces, 208

inherited by interfaces, 201

and the meaning of a qualified type name, 100

and the meaning of a simple type name, 99

members

See also class(es); fields; interfaces; methods

accessibility, 105

arrays, 92, 213

classes, 90, 148

binary compatibility considerations, 259

declarations, 147

inaccessible, accessing, example, 151

inheritance, examples, 149

private, inheritance examples, 151

inheritance and, 90

interfaces, 91, 202

binary compatibility considerations, 272

declarations, 202

inheritance, 91, 202

names, access to, 202

Object class, 45

of a package, 89, 119

packages, 89, 119

protected accessibility of, 105

reference type, as declared entity, 81

static, restricted in inner classes, 140

of superclasses, accessing with super, 344

term definition, 89

memory

exceptions

OutOfMemoryError, 241, 242

main, term definition, 431

master, of variables, term definition, 431

OutOfMemoryError, 176

working, term definition, 431

Mesa, 5, 7

method(s), 167

abstract

binary compatibility considerations, 268

in classes, 170

in interfaces

overloading, 207

access control

default, example, 108

private, example, 111

protected, example, 110

public, example, 109

access, binary compatibility considerations, 261

accessible, and method invocation, 347

of array, 92, 214

body, 176

binary compatibility considerations, 270

class

See methods, static

classes, 167

abstract, 170

binary compatibility considerations, 267

body

declarations, 176

with no executable code, 176

constructors compared with, 190

declarations, 167

examples of, 180

final, 172

hidden, invocation of, 184

hiding by, 178

modifiers, 169

native

declarations, 173

semicolon as body of, 177

private, as implicitly final, 172

signature, 169

strictfp, declaration, 173

synchronized, declaration, 174

void, expression return statement not permitted in, 177

with same signature, inheriting, 179

declarations, 167, 200

binary compatibility considerations, 267

as declared entity, 81

definite [un]assignment of blank final fields before, 418

definite assignment of variables before, 418

descriptor, 347

dispatching during instance creation, 244

equals, as member of Object class, 45

final, 172

binary compatibility considerations, 268

finalize, as member of Object class, 45

FP-strict, 319

getClass, as member of Object class, 45

hashCode, as member of Object class, 45

hiding of, 178

inheritance

in arrays, 92, 214

in classes, 177

in interfaces, 91, 202

instance

See method(s), non-static

of interfaces

declarations, 205, 207

overloading, 207, 208

overriding, 206, 207

semicolon as body of, 176

invocation

See also access control

conversion, 71

expression evaluation, 345

order, 346

expressions as statements, 287

how chosen, 319

qualifying type of

See qualifying type, of a method invocation

as members of a class, 90

method table creation during preparation phase of linking, 230

names

context in which a name is classified as, 94

naming conventions, 115

qualified, meaning of, 104

simple, meaning of, 104

native, 173

binary compatibility considerations, 269

non-static

instance method as name for, 172

overriding by, 177

notify, as member of Object class, 45

notifyAll, as member of Object class, 45

overloading, 180

binary compatibility considerations, 270

example, 181

overriding, 178

binary compatibility considerations, 271

examples, 180, 181, 182, 185, 207

parameters

See also arguments; variables

binary compatibility considerations, 267

definite [un]assignment of, 425

description, 48

initial value, 51

is assigned when final, 168

must not be assigned if final, 168

shadowing, 86, 168

specification of, 168

private, in example of qualified names and access control, 111

public, interfaces, declarations, 205

references to, binary file format requirements, 254

result type, binary compatibility considerations, 268

scope of formal parameters, 85, 168

shadowing, 87

signatures, 169

static, binary compatibility considerations, 269

stop, as asynchronous exception cause, 220

synchronized, 174

binary compatibility considerations, 270

throws clause, binary compatibility considerations, 270

toString, as member of Object class, 45

uncaughtException

exception handling use, 223

when invoked, 220

and unreachable statements, 310

wait, as member of Object class, 45

when reachable, 311

Mitchell, James G., 7

modifiers

See also declarations

class, 137

constructor, 191

declaration

See abstract modifier; final modifier; private modifier; protected modifier; public modifier; static modifier; strictfp modifier; synchronized modifier;transient modifier

field, 154

interface, 200

method, 169

Modula-3, 3, 6

Molière, 9

Møller-Pedersen, Birger, 7

monitors

See also locks; synchronization

term definition, 429

Montaigne, Michael de, 167

Moon, David A., 6

Morlay, Bernard de, 118

N

named class

exceptions in instance initializer, 188

named type, 200

names

See also identifiers; scope; Unicode character set

(chapter), 81

ambiguous

handling of, 93, 96

reclassification of, 96

binary

implementation keeps track of types using, 129

term definition, 253

canonical, 82

is binary name of top-level type, 253

and single-type imports, 126

term definition, 113

and type-import-on-demand, 127

class, naming conventions, 114

conflicts

See also hiding

avoiding

in fields with multiple inheritance, 165

through context use, 94

through naming conventions, 113

constants, naming conventions, 116

conventions, 113

impact on name obscuring, 89

expression

context in which a name is classified as, 97

qualified, meaning of, 102

simple, meaning of, 101

fields, naming conventions, 115

fully qualified, of a top-level type, 129

interface

member, access to, 202

naming conventions, 114

meaning of, determining, 93

method, 167

context in which a name is classified as, 96

naming conventions, 115

qualified, meaning of, 104

simple, meaning of, 104

package

in compilation units, 123

context in which a name is classified as, 97

limited significance for access control, 120

naming conventions, 113

qualified, meaning of, 98

scope, 125

simple, meaning of, 98

unique, 132

importance of, 132

parameters, naming conventions, 116

qualified

access control and, 104

fully, 111

term definition, 81

resolving references to, during resolution phase of linking, 230

restrictions, types and subpackages, 120

rules on being the same

class members, 90

fields, 90

interface fields, 92

simple, 253

class cannot have same as enclosing class, 137

interface cannot have same as enclosing class, 200

term definition, 83

as subset of identifiers, 83

syntactic

categories, 93

classification of according to context, 94

term definition, 83

type

context in which a name is classified as, 96

qualified, meaning of, 100

simple, meaning of, 99

variables, local, naming conventions, 116

NaN (Not-a-Number)

See also numbers

and addition, 381

comparison results, 39

and division, 375

and multiplication, 373

predefined constants representing, 25

preventing use of algebraic identities in expression evaluation, 325

term definition and specification, 35

narrowing

See also conversion; numbers

primitive conversions

in assignment conversion context, 66

in casting conversion context, 72

not allowed in method invocation conversion context, reasons for, 71

reference conversions, specification, 63

native modifier

See also declarations; modifiers

methods

binary compatibility considerations, 269

declaration, 173

semicolon as body of, 177

reasons why constructors cannot be, 191

nested class, 135, 136

See also nested type

and definite [un]assignment of variables, 418

inner class is a, 140

interaction with shadowing of parameters, 168

local class is a, 277

may declare static members if non-inner, 140

name hides same name in enclosing scopes, 148

term definition, 135

nested interface, 135, 136, 199

See also nested type, 135

term definition, 199

nested type

binary name of, 253

declaration

in scope of a class member, 85, 147

declarations

included in scope of interface members, 85, 202

in scope of an interface member, 85, 202

Newton, Sir Isaac, 1

non-public

classes, in example of qualified names and access control, 107

nonterminal symbols

See also grammars

definition of, notation for, 10

term definition, 9

notation

See also names, naming conventions

grammar, 10

notification

wait sets and, 446

null

literal, term definition and specification, 29

qualifying a superclass constructor invocation, 194

type

literal as source code representation of the value of, 20

term definition and specification, 32

numbers

See also arithmetic; precision; types

conversions of and to

See conversions

errors in handling

See exceptions

manipulating

See arithmetic operators

numeric promotion

binary, 79

specification, 77

term definition, 56

unary, 78

primitive types

See byte type; char type; double type; floattype; floating-point; int type; integers; integral type; long type; short type

related types

See boolean; characters; strings

Nygaard, Kristen, 7

O

object-oriented concepts

See class(es); encapsulation; fields; inheritance; method(s); objects

objects

See also arrays; classes; instances; interfaces; types

Class, array, 215

fields that reference, final modifier effect on changes to, 50, 156

finalization attributes, 246

life cycle, 246

Object class, 44, 215

operations on references to, 43

reachable, finalization implication, 246

reference

See references

state

impact of changes, 43

transient fields not part of, 156

term definition and specification, 42

unreachable, finalization implications, 246

obscured

declaration, term definition, 89

label, 85

by labels, 286

of labels, 286

observable

all compilation units in javaand java.lang are, 123

compilation unit

determined by host, 120

term definition, 123

package

and meaning of qualified package name, 98

term definition, 125

Occam, William of, 373

octal

See also numbers

base, permitted in integer literals, 21

numerals, specification, 22

one of phrase

grammar notation use, 12

operators

See also constructors; expressions; initialization; methods; numbers

arithmetic, numeric promotion, specification, 77

assignment, as only way to change the value of a primitive variable, 33

binary, evaluation order, 322

boolean, 40

compound assignment, evaluation order, 323

floating-point, 37

signed infinity produced by overflow, 39

signed zero produced by underflow, 39

integer

divide, divide by zero exception thrown by, 34

overflow not indicated by, 34

underflow not indicated by, 34

integral, 33

list of, 30

operands evaluated before, 324

precedence, in expression evaluation, 325

on reference types, 43

remainder, divide by zero exception thrown by, 34

string concatenation

constructor invocation by, 190

creating new instances with, 42

thread, term definition, 431

opt subscript

grammar notation use, 10

optimization

during

preparation phase of linking, 235

resolution phase of linking, 235

final method inlining, 172

finalization, 245

reachable objects reduction, 246

linking

initialization phase of, 240

resolution strategies, 234

optional symbol

term definition, 10

order

evaluation

argument lists left-to-right, 326

binary operators, 322

compound assignment, 323

left-hand operand first, 322

operands evaluated before operations, 324

of other expressions, 327

parentheses and precedence respected, 325

execution, thread rules, 433

field initialization, at run-time, 204

finalizer invocations, implications of no ordering imposition, 247

of floating-point values, 37

of occurrence, initialization of types, 236

thread interaction, consequences of, 430

origin

of arrays, 211

output

See files

overflow

See also arithmetic; exceptions; numbers

floating-point operators, signed infinity produced by, 39

not indicated by integer operators, 34

overloading

See also object-oriented concepts; inheritance; methods

of abstract interface methods

declarations, 207

example, 208

of constructors, 195

binary compatibility considerations, 270

of methods, 180

binary compatibility considerations, 270

example, 181

term definition, 91, 180

overriding

See also object-oriented concepts; scope

examples, 181, 182, 185, 207

incorrect, 181

incorrect because of throws, example, 186

large example, 185

methods

abstract

in abstract classes, 170

of non-abstract instance methods, 171

binary compatibility considerations, 271

in interfaces, 206

example, 207

instance, 177

requirements in, 178

term definition, 91

P

packages

(chapter), 119

binary compatibility considerations, 257

canonical name of, 113

declarations

in compilation units, 124

shadowing, 125

as declared entity, 81

host support for, 120

importing all public types from a, 127

members of, 89, 119

named, in compilation units, 124

names

context in which a name is classified as, 94

fully qualified, 111

naming conventions, 113

qualified, meaning of, 98

simple, meaning of, 98

unique, importance of, 132

observable, 125

scope of, 85

shadowing, 87

storing in a

database, 122

file system, 121

term definition, 119

unnamed

compilation units belonging to, 123

in compilation units, uses and cautions, 124

and fully qualified name of top-level type, 129

Paine, Thomas, 305

parameters

See also modifiers; variable

constructor, 191

assignment during instance creation, 242

binary compatibility considerations, 267

description, 49

initial value, 51

as declared entity, 81

definite [un]assignment of, 425

exception

description, 49

initial value, 51

scope, 86, 306

method

binary compatibility considerations, 267

description, 48

initial value, 51

specification of, 168

must not be assigned if final, 168

names, naming conventions, 116

scope, 85, 168

shadowing, 86, 168

Partridge, Eric, 135

Peirce, Charles, 407

Peretti, Hugo E., 30

performance

See optimization

platform-dependent

native methods are, 173

pointers

See references

polling

for asynchronous exceptions, 224

precedence

See also expressions

of operators, in expression evaluation, 325

precise

term definition, 223

precision

See also numbers

possible loss of

in narrowing primitive conversions, 60

in widening primitive conversions, 58

preparation

of classes, 234

of interfaces, 234

in Test class example, at virtual machine startup, 230

prescient store

actions, with threads, 438

preventing

instantiation, 197

with private constructors, 139

primitive

See also numbers

conversion

narrowing

in assignment conversion context, 66

in casting conversion context, 72

not allowed in method invocation conversion context, reasons for, 71

widening

in assignment conversion context, 66

in binary numeric promotion context, 79

in casting conversion context, 72

in method invocation conversion context, 71

in unary numeric promotion context, 78

types

as array element types, 210

changing value of variables, 33

fully qualified name for, 111

literal as source code representation of the value of, 21

term definition and specification, 32

variables of, specification, 48

priority

thread, 445

private modifier

See also declarations; modifiers

access

determining, 105

inheritance of class members, example, 151

cannot be used for local classes, 278

class, pertains only to member, 137

constructors

access control, example, 111

preventing instantiation with, 139

fields, access control, example, 111

inheritance with, example, 151

and interfaces, 200

members not inherited, 148

methods

abstract not permitted with, 170

access control, example, 111

in example of qualified names and access control, 111

as implicitly final, 172

overriding and hiding not possible with, 179

preventing instantiation by declaring constructors as, 197

top-level type may not use, 131

productions

term definition, 9

promotion

See also numbers

(chapter), 55

numeric, 77

binary, 79

specification, 79

specification, 77

term definition, 56

unary, 78

specification, 78

protected modifier

See also declarations; modifiers

access, 105

cannot be use for local classes, 278

class, pertains only to member, 137

constructors, access control, example, 110

fields, access control, example, 110

inheritance with, example, 150

and interfaces, 200

methods, access control, example, 110

top-level type may not use, 131

public modifier

See also declarations; modifiers

access, 105

inheritance of class members, example, 150

cannot be used for local classes, 278

classes

access control in, 105

binary compatibility considerations, 258

in example of qualified names and access control, 107

pertains only to top-level and member, 137

constructors, access control, example, 109

fields

access control, example, 109

interface, implicit in declaration, 203

implicit for interface member types, 208

inheritance with, example, 150

interfaces

binary compatibility considerations, 272

declarations, 200

methods

access control, example, 109

in interfaces, implicit in declaration, 205

superclasses, accessing instances of non-public subclasses through, 151

superinterfaces, accessing instances of non-public subclasses through, 151